Cause and Unit 4 (Sustainable
development)
Functions
: Expressing cause and effect
|
Expressing cause |
Expressing effect |
|
Because / since / as / for +
subject Because of / Due to / thanks to / Owing to + noun or greund The cause of… is… •…is caused by… •…is
due to… |
Therefore, / As a result, / Thus,
/ Consequently, / So, /
That’s why, / As a consequence, /
+ subject |
Examples :
Cause :
- Ilham didn’t go to school because
she was sick. /- Because of her sickness, Ilham didn’t go school/ Because
of being ..
- Due to smoking, people get
sick. / - He divorced his wife due to family problems.
-Thanks to studying very
hard, I scored really well in the exam.
- The police arrested some
protesters as they broke many cars.
- He can't run fast since he
is too heavy. / He can't run fast for he is too heavy.
- Owing to her intelligence,
she managed to become a successful businesswoman.
The cause of global warming is
pollution. •Global warming is caused by pollution. •Global warming is
due to pollution.
Effect:
-She prepared well for the exam. As
a result, she passed with flying colors
-Ali had not slept well, therefore,
he felt tired
-They love fish, thus, they always
buy it / I love football, thus, I always watch it.
- James lost all his money in
gambling, consequently, he became poor.
- She was feeling sick, so
stayed home./ that’s why, / As a consequence
Exercise 1
Choose the correct expression to
complete the following sentences.
1. Many people immigrate to cities ………………………………………….job
opportunities are rare in rural areas.
because | thanks to | as a result
2. My friend managed to get an
excellent mark in the exam ……………………………….he prepared well for it.
because | thanks to | Due to
3. My grandmother can now read and
write ……………………………..…. literacy classes she takes every day.
because | thanks to | as a result
4. Many students drop out of school ………………………..….
poverty and hard life conditions.
because of | thanks to | therefore
5. Mr. Link is a very competent
teacher ……………………………..students enjoy his classes.
Due to | thanks to | as a result
6. Parents can’t afford to pay
school fees for their kids ……………..……they are either unemployed or have low
paying jobs.
consequently | because | thanks to
7. Humour is better than medicine ………………………………………..people
have started using it at work and school.
since | because of | therefore
8. I could not send you a message the other day
……………………………………I did not have internet access in that hotel.
consequently | because of this | because
9.Jasmine was not invited to the
party. ………………………………………………..she did not come.
therefore | because| since
10.My friend went to the hospital……………………………………………
he was not feeling well.
because
| As a result | therefore
11.She spends most of her time on
Facebook chatting. …………………………………….she failed all her first exams.
because | As a result | since
Exercise 2
Rewrite the
following sentences using the words given :
1. Tom needs a lot
of money to buy a new car. He works day and night all week. (as a result)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Tom needs a lot
of money to buy a new car. He works day and night all week. (because)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Amine got the
best mark in his class. He works very hard at school (consequently)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Many young
people immigrate to Europe because they are poor. (because of)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Khalid a poor
student. That’s why he could not complete his education. (due to)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6.A lot of students
drop out of school. The schools are too far. (Therefore)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7.Ali couldn't go
to school. He was sick yesterday. (So)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8.The student
didn't do his homework. The teacher gave him a bad mark. (Thus)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9.Amine got up
late. He missed the bus. (That's why)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10.Hafsa makes
great efforts. She gets good marks. (So)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11.He robbed the
bank. The police arrested him. (because of this)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12.Hind got the
first prize. She made great efforts. (thanks to)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
13. Rachid’s
communication skills have improved. His coach helped him a lot. (since)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………